INTEGRATING GOOD GOVERNANCE AND DIGITALISATION: A NEW BREAKTHROUGH IN THE SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE OF SINGHASARI

: Special Economic Zones (SEZs) aim to boost the economy of a region or even a country. In Indonesia, as of 2022, eighteen regions belonged to SEZs, and Singhasari is among those regions — the only SEZ with a digital economic concept. In its implementation, a Good Governance concept is needed to allow for the organisation of management and the achievement of the goals of the development of the SEZ. Concepts such as Community Participation, Stakeholder Involvement, and Local Ownership will be discussed in this research. On the other hand, technology can be utilised to give value to SEZ. The digitalisation of the SEZ can be used in the


Introduction
Special Economic Zones (henceforth referred to as SEZs) are the program established by the Indonesian Government to, inter alia, unravel national economic problems, boost trade balance, apply cutting-edge technology in production, and disseminate sophisticated management technology 1 .The government founded SEZs in 2009 with the primary purpose of creating economic growth, equal development, and improving the competitiveness of the nation.Up to 2022, there had been 18 SEZs in business activities and concepts 2 .
Singhasari is one of the SEZs developed in Malang, East Java3 .The Special Economic Zone (henceforth referred to as SEZ) of Singhasari primarily focuses on tourism development and becoming the first SEZ with the concept of a digital economy in Indonesia 4 .Some excellent features belonging to this SEZ constitute a strategic location connecting the main road between Pandaan-Malang, potential human resources, and greater potential of cultural richness 5 .
Nevertheless, in some of its development, the SEZ of Singhasari has not developed optimally due to some hampering issues, such as the weakening interest of investors, giving only inadequate funding; full control over land assets by regional governments, poor management of the areas, and limited fiscal facility implementation 6 .
Such management of the SEZ should adhere to a strong regulatory framework as the fundamental of good governance.That is, the concept of Good Governance should serve as the basis for the management of the SEZ of Singhasari.It should involve at least some vital grounds for good governance consisting of the tourism sector that plays an essential role in economic development; the management of funds for the site and institutional reasons; and the important function of civilians 7 .Such an involvement of good governance will be able to avert corruption, collusion, and nepotism potential for tourism management and planning.
References in this research were obtained from the enactment of cultural heritage and the charter and convention of UNESCO and ICOMOS, legal documents, and national regulations in Indonesia regarding good governance.In the doctrine of modern protection, the adoptions in some international charters have resulted in the growing dimensions of this concept, constituting structural, technological, social, spatial and contextual aspects and aesthetics 12 .In recent theoretical debates, some aspects significant to the assessment of heritage such as structural, functional, and visual integrity aspects were also used 13 .The consideration of physical/formal and conceptual/ethical aspects of integrity in the theoretical framework of conservation represents the complex nature of a concept.

The Concepts of Special Economic Zone of Singhasari
The concepts of SEZ have been around globally since the 1950s with spatial characteristics that are geographically established and limited, possessing certain excellent features of particular sites 14 .The National Board of Special Economic Zones of the Republic of Indonesia under Government Regulation Number 68 officially declared Singhasari as a special economic zone (SEZ) in 2019 15 , making the SEZ of Singhasari the first SEZ with a digital economy in Indonesia 16 .Singhasari was declared as the SEZ because it fulfils the criteria of the development of SEZ in accordance with Law Number 39 of 2009.These criteria constitute 1) implementing heritage and historical tourism concepts and keeping protection forests intact; 2) active participation of provincial, regency, and municipal governments and the coordination of village government, the members of the public, and related stakeholders; 3) strategic locations sited at international trading and sailing routes; 4) masterplan 17 .of governments and institutions working together to attain the objectives of the development and management of the SEZ.This structure encompasses the Central and Regional Governments, SEZ authorities, private sectors, and the public.
The government declaring Singhasari as an SEZ is the right step because it is strategically and geographically located within the proximity of a transit hub for tourists en route to the National Park of Bromo Tengger 19 .Singhasari is assumed to have excellence in the geo-economic aspect, particularly with its above-average human development index in the Province of East Java, giving this area the capacity to synergise tourism and creative economy through the digital economic platform 20 .
This distinction serves as the foundation pivotal to the development of a digital ecosystem and economic creativity to support SEZ and increase the regional revenue of the Regency of Malang.The urgency to decide on Singhasari as an SEZ is set out in Government Regulation Number 68 of 2019 concerning the Special Economic Zone of Singhasari.The considering part of the aforementioned Government Regulation specifies the potential of the economy with its prominent values for regional development 21 .This regulation is expected to guarantee legal certainty in the implementation of Law Number 39 of 2009 concerning the Special Economic Zone in one of the regions of the Regency of Malang, thereby leveraging the prevailing potential.
Good governance plays a vital role in making organisational performance effective 22 .The concept of good governance is defined as one of the governmental models that leans more towards social and economic outcomes as expected by 19 Ibid. 20 The essence of Good Governance appropriately underpins the governance of the SEZ of Singhasari, as Dellepiane (8) points out that literacy in Good Governance serves as one of the indicators directing the economic development performed by the state authorities25 .The element of Good Governance, therefore, becomes an instrument reinforcing the progressing program with a sustainability approach26 .
According to the Canadian Institute on Governance, governance is defined as a dynamic interaction involving the structure, function (responsibility), processes (practices) and organisational traditions instrumental to the attainment of organisational missions 27 .Both shareholders (in private sectors) and stakeholders, namely employees and customers are instrumental to Good Governance according to some researchers with their different ideologies.Theoretically, the involvement of stakeholders is considered paramount on account of their power influencing the achieved outcomes28 .
Good Governance positions the public as a sector that deserves attention.Good governance in the public sector covers the following seven principles: 1) integrity, commitment, and respect to the rule of law; 2) ensuring comprehensive openness and participation of stakeholders; 3) defining sustainable economic, social, and environmental outcomes; 4) determining intervention to optimise the desired outcomes; 5) developing the capacity of entity, including the capacity of leadership and the individuals therein; 6) managing risk and performance through internal control and reinforced financial management; and 7) accountability29 .
Of those seven principles of good governance, according to Noaman, Christiaens, Ouda, and Mehelmy30 , the two are general and essential; 1) accounting information, financial management, and clear task assignment; 2) risk and performance management as well as transparency, reporting, and auditing to bring about effective accountability.These principles are intended to provide better services and accountability.
The National Board of SEZs of the Republic of Indonesia uploaded annual reports on a website accessible for all people: kek.go.id 31 , covering: 1) the structure of SEZs in general; however, it does not elaborate on the distribution of roles and structure in the management of the SEZ of Singhasari; 2) reports on the progress of SEZs elaborating on the number of workers, realisation of investment and infrastructure being developed although these aspects are not comprehensively delineated.This part takes a larger proportion of the topic on business plans and investment commitment in a general scope; and 3) the recommendations of the SEZs.
The consideration of utilising good governance is for legal support because this principle is deemed appropriate to construct rules underpinning effective enforcement of the policy.Brinkerhoff & Derick W points out that good governance acts as a solution to settle problems that become public concerns.Good governance is believed to serve as the basis for reform and improvement of accountability, transparency, and efficiency of the government 32 in line with the indicators representing the realisation of good governance 33 .
This research seeks to analyse the legal products in Indonesia through good governance, accountability, transparency, and efficiency.This analysis is expected to get an outlook on whether the existing legal products hold good governance fundamental to support the digitalisation of the SEZ of Singhasari (see Table 1).Table 1 presents the analysis results on legal products as the basis of the realisation of the digitalisation of the management of the SEZ of Singhasari.That is, juridically, measures taken to bring about digitalisation are reinforced by laws and regulations through the principle of good governance, but definitely, these products cannot stand alone, necessitating other supporting instruments for seamless digitalisation.Seeing this issue, this research seeks to offer instruments to support rules and regulations that underlie the following projects (see Figure 2).First, in terms of E-service, in the digitalisation process, there must be a guarantee ensuring easy access for users.This has to take into account the contextualisation of assets as metadata that bears the name and meaning of each element 35 .Moreover, other elements such as file number, title, and date of production, among others, must be present to ensure correct digital entity identification 36 .Other essential components excluded from this category but remaining important also need to be accommodated by this model to support the optimisation of the digitalisation of the SEZ of Singhasari.
Second, in terms of the infrastructure of information and communication technology (ICT), another challenge for ICT infrastructure is the sustainable utilisation of technology.Digital technology is vulnerable because it has a short lifetime 37 , while software and hardware necessitate revitalisation 38 .To ensure longterm policies, futures investment is required to secure digital content for its sustainable use.
Third, in terms of the Ability to Use E-Government, service management in the digital SEZ of Singhasari needs capable human resources.This challenge is also perceived by other countries amidst the digital epoch, where there are shortages of human resources needed for technological operations 39 .Not only is their capability restricted to operating the technology, but they should also be able to innovate and transform innovation into new formats and media of technology to be further protected under intellectual property 35 Taylor C, 2003, An introduction to metadata. 36Michael Day, "Metadata in a Nutshell," Information Europe, 2001. 37Stewart Granger, "Emulation as a Digital Preservation Strategy," D-Lib Magazine 6, no.  10 (October 2000), https://doi.org/10.1045/october2000-granger. 38 Ray Edmondson and UNESCO Office Bangkok and Regional Bureau for Education in Asia and the Pacific, "Audiovisual Archiving: Philosophy and Principles" (UNESCO, 2016). 39Heritage digitalization in Bradenburg Germany, before it was as sophisticated as it is now, experienced not only problems with supporting infrastructure, but also required qualified human resources so that the digitalization of heritage in Bradenburg Germany could progress like the current era.Preuss, Ulf.Sustainable digitalization of cultural heritage-Report on initiatives and projects in Brandenburg, Germany.Sustainability, 8, 891, 2016 Page 4 rights, copyrights, moral rights, and database rights 40 , all necessary for digital management of the SEZ of Singhasari for long-term and effective operation.The presence of skilled human resources as above may contribute to digital protection within the legal purview of the assets of the SEZ of Singhasari to maintain the existence of this SEZ as part of policy digitalisation.
Fourth, the utilisation of E-Participation as an instrument capable of accommodating the aspiration of stakeholders in developing policy is necessary because the top-down approach (decision starting from stakeholders) has been a failure in reaching policy objectives 41 .This failure results from inadequate consideration coming from involved stakeholders in settling the local issues.That is, local problem-solving will certainly necessitate a bottom-up approach policy 42 , particularly for such digitalisation development.The digitalisation of the SEZ of Singhasari will also need to create room for E-participation to facilitate all the aspirations for more effective and efficient policy-making for the locals.
The instruments above hold a central role that must be present in the digitalisation of the SEZ of Singhasari.Leveraging those instruments should be the complementary basis for quality regulations in administering governance within a more effective  42 The failure of heritage digitization was identified due to the unilateral policies of the stakeholders in the sense that there were no local considerations that could characterize the uniqueness of policy development.Conversely, a bottom-up approach through eparticipation can be an option in accommodating local aspirations in policy development.Chiabai, Aline; Paskaleva, Krassimira; Lombardi, Patrizia., E-Participation model for sustainable cultural tourism management: A bottom-up approach.International journal of tourism research, 15.1, 2013 Page 35-51.digitalisation scope.This approach may come as an innovation helping avert corruption common in developing countries 43 .Thus, the digitalisation of the SEZ of Singhasari is a modern breakthrough in supporting more effective governance and curtailing the potential of corruption particularly in Indonesia.

The Urgency of Good Governance-based SEZ of Singhasari
Following the establishment of the conceptual framework of good governance in the SEZ concerned and with all the supporting instruments, it is necessary to analyse the urgency of the utilisation of such digitalisation.The essential values of this model will need to be put in place, considering that the application of the digitalisation sector is apparent in varied sectors like tourism and has been part of the instrument of creating the opportunity for innovation worldwide, bringing traditional uniqueness to life 44 .The impacts left by digitalisation can transform the interaction in tourism sectors, leaving another huge impact of encouraging the interest of tourists in contributing to sustainable tourism development 45 . 43As in Mcmananmon's research, the main reason for using digitalization in governance in developing countries is as an effort to overcome the problem of corruption.For example, in the case of Suffolk University, they use information and communication technology to improve performance in reducing the potential for corruption.This makes digitalization nowadays no longer a matter of possibility, but for the needs of the world in facing the modern era.Messenger, P. Mauch, Smith, George S., Cultural Heritage Management: A Global Prespective.Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2010 44  Some points mark the essence of digitalisation in good governance in the SEZ of Singhasari in terms of sustainable tourism development.Viewed from a Dystopian perspective 46 , digitalisation represents the revolution of how technology has replaced manpower and accessed social contacts 47 .On the other hand, viewed from a utopian perspective, digitalisation is more defined as an effective breakthrough in disseminating information for public interest 48 .That is, more efficient digitalisation will ease technology-based work instead of manpower work.
However, digitalisation carries its benefits and shortcomings.To maximise this in a global world, policies need to embrace issues arising from the presence of this technology.Despite the fact that digitalisation reduces or even replaces manpower, from the perspective of good governance digitalisation participation, it can still involve the participation of all sectors to gain benefits that fit all parties 49 because digitalisation is a democratic instrument that has the power to mobilise new communities to participate in maximising information flow and opportunities of participation in society 50 .
To allow the digitalisation of good governance in the SEZ of Singhasari to serve as an instrument of sustainable tourism development, the primary component needs to be taken into account to ensure that all the locals can benefit from the impacts of the policy.Therefore, several instruments embracing a set of institutions, mechanisms, and processes through which people can show their aspirations are required 51 .Cameron & Angela M. mention some instruments that need accommodating in sustainable tourism development, including public aspirations, the participation of stakeholders, and local ownership 52 (see Figure 3).
The aforementioned instruments can be the factors supporting the success of the digitalisation of good governance of the SEZ of Singhasari so long as these are backed up by an independent structure 53 .This consideration is pivotal in ensuring that the structure can be professionally in place and explore all the potential through the existing instruments for the local well-being in the milieu of the SEZ.This context, however, should be evaluated, 50 Zineb Bennis Nechba, Adnane Boujibar, and Abdelkamel Alj, "Faculty of Legal, Economic and Social Sciences of Fez, Morocco Faculty of Legal, Economic and Social Sciences of Meknes, Morocco 3 Faculty of Legal, Economic and Social Sciences of Meknes, Morocco" 4, no. 1 (2022), https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6458333. 51Anthony Arko-Adjei et al., "Customary Tenure Institutions and Good Governance," International Federation of Surveyors, no.September 2010 (2009): 1-20. 52As research from Cameron & Angela M shows the success of sustainable tourism development on the West Coast cannot be separated from efforts to optimize community participation, stakeholder involvement, and local ownership.The author tries to analyze in the future by using these indicators in the implementation of Good Governance-based SEZ Singhasari digitalization which can be carried out with a sustainable tourism development approach. 53Havenga sees that the management of good governance for local development is often difficult to develop if it has a structure that is tied to other parties.This has resulted in leading devices not being able to fully innovate because they are always hindered by selection.Independent tools are needed to be able to run professionally in local management through the good governance approach, I.M.F.The I.M.F approach to promoting Good Governance and combating corruption.2002.
considering that independent instruments are what the SEZ of Singhsari needs to reach its objectives.This research aims to analyse the illustration presented in Figure 3 regarding the planning of the digitalisation of the good governance-based SEZ of Singhasari in accordance with the indicators available.First, Society participation serves as the object of research to help figure out the attitude of the locals to local tourism 54 .This factor is significant to sustainable tourism development which needs public participation and strong political leadership to collect public participation and build consensus 55 .This definition serves as guidance for sustainable tourism development in which government policy and public participation are inextricable 56 .
It is vital to ensure that the regional government is devoted to the management of the SEZ of Singhasari as part of sustainable tourism by involving all the locals, as indicated by research topics on tourism development involving stakeholders 57 with their heterogeneous and varied characteristics enriching aspirations from all perspectives 58 .This argument points out that local support is not only restricted to the presence of audiences but also takes into account diverging perspectives combined to leverage the management of the SEZ of Singhasari and manifest the objectives of the SEZ that contribute to the national development in Indonesia.Steinecke holds that the success of amalgamating all the aspirations of the locals can set the stepping stone for the policy in realising the harmony of tourist destinations in a developing country 59 .
Sustainable tourism development with public participation requires participative design to further serve as a reference for their viewpoint of being involved in transformation, innovation, and environmental management in the local area 60 .Sanoff further defines this concept as a structure that accommodates people to be more actively involved in creating something useful for the environment 61 .That is, sustainable tourism development should involve public participation in designing the management and implementation 62 .However, this participation does not reach decision-making, but it is rather restricted to information dissemination on the development to make them more aware of the decision made 63 .
Second, in terms of Stakeholder Involvement, nongovernmental organisations or university researchers with their creative and innovative ideas have to be involved in this sustainable tourism development.An academic sphere opened for governments will also benefit researchers as it allows them to explore the development of policy models with insights into sustainable development through the issues being responded to, thereby boosting the economy in society.The involvement of academic entities within this context has been an old tradition.In 1999, the United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development (UNCSD) invited some NGOs to examine all the sustainable tourism-related issues that held diverging perspectives in the effort to make them accepted by all communities and to facilitate political-economic policies in eradicating poverty in the state 64 .
This concept may exist as a reference to the development of the SEZ of Singhasari with the involvement of the regional governments of the regency areas through the aspirations from the studies conducted by NGOs on tourism.This involvement is useful in designing the development of sustainable tourism assets, particularly in increasing the economy of the locals residing in Singhasari backed up with creative ideas of the NGOs and university researchers.This policy, therefore, needs to be realised, considering the success made by the NGOs through their contribution to central policies.
Third, in terms of Local Ownership, Cole S. identifies education level65 as one of the obstacles to participation in sustainable tourism development developing countries.Furthermore, Zielinski et al. consider poor skills of the local 66 and capacity development a lack 67 .The success of the education of the locals in tourism contributes an essential part to manifesting responsible tourism.In such a concept, responsible tourism takes into account three pillars encompassing the environment, local people, and economy.The amalgamation of these pillars is intended to advance the economy and provide an opportunity to preserve the culture and local habitat as tourist attractions for visitors.The success of this integration at a micro level also represents the success of tourism business management, the well-being, and the sustainability of tourist destinations.
All these issues should be received as an alert by the regional governments of Malang by providing optimal education to the locals to manage the SEZ of Singhasari.Active participation of the locals in tourism should reach the participation in the economic sector.This step is expected to help grow the interest of tourists in the diverse tourist attractions available 68 .This chance should also be viewed as giving a greater contribution to the economy utilised by the locals of the SEZ of Singhasari.This potential allows for more diverse tourism services, offering education and introducing local arts.
On the other hand, the intention of people's participation in sustainable tourism development can also assist less fortunate people, for whom facilities are provided to enable to explore economic possibilities and to foster social justice 69 .In other words, the development of the economic system in the SEZ of Singhasari represents the infrastructure through which those unfortunate locals are offered access to the economy at the stage of human resource development for social justice.The SEZ development in Singhasari aims to facilitate technology, tourism, potential, and investment 70 .The National Board of SEZs has published a Table that lists investment opportunities in the SEZ of Singhasari 71 .
The digitalisation of the SEZ of Singhasari is a modern innovation utilised for the development of the SEZ concerned.This innovation represents the evolution in the sector of public administration in the government.C.E. Marinicia in Ranchordás & Scarcella (2021) implies that the evolution of public administration is intended to safeguard people in the economic development of a state adjusting to the growing civilisation of the world 72 .
When it comes to the problem discussed in this research, the application of digitalisation transcends technology utilisation; it is part of the contribution given by stakeholders in safeguarding the people from the impacts of modernisation.The Urgency of digitalisation can cut administrative costs, stimulate economic growth, and boost electronic payment 73 while helping curtail the likelihood of corruption 74 .
The digitalisation of the Sumberawan site can use an application on a smartphone.In July 2021, the number of smartphone users grew to about 5.3 billion globally, and 167 million in Indonesia (89% of the total population in Indonesia) 75 .This growing number indicates that an application can be considered to digitalise the SEZ of Singhasari.However, this digitalisation design should be able to fulfil the concept of good governance as discussed earlier.
Good governance-based application design for the digitalisation of Sumberawan must take into account several key aspects.First, this application needs to utilise a friendly and intuitive user interface, ensuring that people can easily access relevant information on the SEZ of Singhasari.Proper layout and clear navigation will help improve accessibility and ensure that users can obtain data in no time.Images of spots around the SEZ are also essential to help users visualise the destinations 76 .
Second, personal data protection and security should be taken as a priority in designing an application.Within the milieu of good governance, maintaining integrity and confidentiality of information is vital.Therefore, the application must be equipped with sophisticated security, and the privacy policy must be made clear to protect users from any security risks.
Moreover, the application should provide features for people to give feedback, allowing for active public participation.By providing an effective communication channel between users and stakeholders, this application is expected to support transparency and accountability.This design should also consider building features where people can raise complaints, receive fast responses, and hold an open discussion between people and related parties within the expected framework of good governance.

Conclusion
The management of the SEZ of Singhasari, to some extent, has implemented the principle of good governance, particularly in terms of reporting and disseminating information on the development of the SEZ in a general scope.Nevertheless, the SEZ necessitates legal support to allow for regulatory drafting to realise more effective policy, thereby serving as the basis for reform to improve accountability, transparency, and efficiency of government administration.The availability of legal products also needs other supportive instruments to ensure seamless digitalisation.These instruments encompass e-service, ICT infrastructure, the capability of using e-government, and e-participation.In a sustainable tourism development process, good governance must take into account public participation, investment of stakeholders, and local 76 Ludhy Cahyana, "Singosari Jadi Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus Pariwisata -Travel Tempo.Co," 2019; Dewan Nasional Kawasan Ekonomi Khusus Republik Indonesia, "KEK Singhasari." ownership.
In line with the current development, technology can be utilised to help implement good governance, particularly in the context of the SEZ of Singhasari.Advanced technology such as augmented-virtual reality in an application will bring users (people and investors alike) closer to the SEZ of Singhasari.Features like augmented reality, virtual reality, and other legal products as well as feedback are the breakthroughs of good governance through which the current technology era is harmonised.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.The Masterplan of SEZ of Singhasari 18The authorised governmental structure or the responsibility for the development of the SEZ of Singhasari involves multi-levels

Figure 2 .
Figure 2. Conceptual Framework Utilised to Provide Legal Supports for Digitalisation of Good Governance-Based SEZ of Singhasari

Figure 3 .
Figure 3.The Digitalisation of the SEZ of Singhasari Based on Good Governance as Sustainable Tourism Development